Germanium is mainly a byproduct of zinc ore processing. It exists as a yellowgreen gas at standard temperature and pressure, and its density is 3. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Germanium forms mainly covalent bonds, it is more like silicon than tin the most likely candidates for being ionic, the halides and the oxides are all covalent, in both oxidation numbers of 2 and 4. Chlorine 36 is also known naturally and is a radioactive isotope with a half life of about 30,000 years. Germanium element information, properties and uses. Ge is a lustrous, hard, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group. Pure germanium metal is then produced by passing an electric current through molten melted germanium chloride. How do we determine the amount of chlorine in the compound. From example, we know elements in same group form same formula.
Look at a table listing charges valences for possible values. Digital etch technique for forming ultrascaled germanium. Germanium in various forms is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and excreted in the urine 68% and the feces 9. In compounds of germanium where known, the most common oxidation numbers of germanium are. Germanium dichloride is a chemical compound of germanium and chlorine with the formula gecl 2. Germanium oxide has a high index of refraction and dispersion. Our germanium page has over 240 facts that span 97 different quantities.
Highaspectratio germanium zone plates fabricated by. A lone pair of electrons on germanium pushes it to this orientation. It has a diamondlike crystalline structure and it is similar in chemical and physical properties to silicon. Pure germanium is a hard, lustrous, graywhite, brittle metalloid.
Predict the formulas of the ionic compounds formed by the following elements. Empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present, e. Germanium is likely unsafe when taken by mouth in elemental form and in the form of certain compounds such as germanium oxide. An organic compound has the empirical formula c 2h 4no. For example, most samples of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are composed of molecules that contain two atoms each called diatomic molecules and thus have the molecular formulas h 2, o 2, and n 2, respectively. Solid gecl 2 can be produced by passing germanium tetrachloride, gecl 4, over ge.
It is fairly equally distributed between plasma and red blood cells but is not bound to plasma proteins. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Today, however, other semiconductors have replaced it. Germanium chloride has only two atoms surrounding the central germanium atom. The pure element was commonly doped with arsenic, gallium or other elements and used as a transistor in thousands of electronic applications. The mineral bonattite is known to be a copper sulfate hydrate. Pick out the chemically most reactive elements from the given triads. The element germanium would be expected to form covalent bonds in order to obey the octet rule. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. This makes it suitable for use in wideangle camera. How many covalent bonds would the element germanium be. As our society adapts to the new realities of life during the covid19 pandemic, we wish to offer a simple formula for disinfecting surfaces against the globe. There is a covalent bond between the two chlorine atoms. Solid gecl2 can be produced by passing germanium tetrachloride, gecl4, over ge.
The powdered metal ignites in chlorine, and lumps will ignite on heating in. Germanium ii chloride germanium dichloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline germanium source for uses compatible with chlorides. Structural formula shows how atoms are joined in the molecule. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chapter 7 the simplest, or empirical, formula section a. A common request on this site is to convert grams to moles. Ga, germanium ge, indium in, tin sn, antimony sb, thallium tl, lead pb. An image of the covid19 virus, which can last on surfaces for up to nine days but can be destroyed with a dilute chlorine bleach solution image courtesy of the cdc public health image library, alissa eckert, ms, dan higgins, mams. Lone pairs of electrons on the chlorine atoms push it to this orientation.
Which of the following has the same number of atoms as 354. Given chlorine, iodine and bromine of group vii forms molecules of cl 2, i 2 and br 2 respectively, predict the molecular formula of fluorine. In addition chemistry and technical terms are linked to their definitions in the sites chemistry and environmental dictionary. Germanium in zinc ores is heated in the presence of chlorine gas. Germanium dichloride is a chemical compound of germanium and chlorine with the formula.
Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. Germanium chloride is a bond between a metal and a nonmetal. Using the chemical formula of the compound and the periodic table of elements, we can add up the atomic weights and calculate molecular weight of the substance. Cambridge international as and a level chemistry coursebook. If atomic number of carbon is 6, the atomic number of silicon is. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol ge and atomic number 32. Gce study buddy the best o level revision resource. Highly selective dry etching of germanium over germanium tin ge 1. Use the octet rule to predict the formula of the compound that would form between germanium and chlorine, if the molecule contains only one germanium atom and only single bonds are formed. By the way, 117 is too unstable and would decay in a less than a millisecond.
In many cases, the elements position on the periodic table will help you. What is the atomic number of element of period 3 and group 17 of the periodic. For example, ammonium chloride has ionic bonds between a. D 18 g of water 8 how many moles of sulfur atoms are present in 4. The difference between empirical and molecular formulas can be illustrated with. The chemical formula of a simple covalent compound can be determined from. No matter how many molecules of water we have, this ratio will always be the same. The development of the germanium transistor opened the door to. The residue, which contains the germanium, is leached with chlorine water to covert the.
Chapter 7 the simplest, or empirical, formula section a determine the empirical formula for each compound whose percentage composition is shown below. The electronegativity difference between these substances is great. In addition, it is important to note that germanium is a semiconductor, with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. For each of the following pairs of elements, state whether the binary compound formed is likely to be ionic or covalent. Hydrides the term hydride is used to indicate compounds of the type m x h y and not necessarily to indicate that any compounds listed behave as hydrides chemically. If you could react this new atom with the already synthesized halogen, uus ununseptium, 117, what would be the formula of the ionic compound that they would form. Molecular formula shows the actual formula and kinds of atoms present, e.
Germanium ge cid 6326954 structure, chemical names, physical and chemical. What is the formula of the chloride of germanium answers. It is a lustrous, hardbrittle, grayishwhite metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbours silicon and tin. Kill coronavirus by disinfecting surfaces with bleach. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. We have done our best to keep our writing clear and interesting and the book. It also forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen. Germanium is stable in air and water, and is unaffected by alkalis and acids, except nitric acid. Germanium may be transported in the blood, unbound to protein, since it leaves the bloodstream in a few hours. Mcq questions for class 10 science periodic classification. Chlorine has two stable isotopes chlorine 35 and chlorine 37with chlorine 35 accounting for roughly 3 out of every 4 naturally occurring chlorine atoms.
Other elements commonly found as diatomic molecules are fluorine f 2, chlorine cl 2, bromine br 2, and iodine i 2. In this lab, we do not measure the amount of chlorine in the sample, we need the amount of chlorine to determine the formula of the compound. There is no simple way to predict the charges of the transition metals. Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. List of chemical compound and their formula for ssc, engineering, aipmt, cpmt, mbbs, iit, cbse class 11th, 12th, bsc, msc etc. Chemistry and life drinking too much water can kill you 143. Comprehensive information for the element hydrogen including. Write the empirical formula for the simplest binary ionic compound formed from each ion or element pair. In the extraction of chlorine by electrolysis of brine.
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